Inside high-energy proton collisions, quarks and gluons briefly form a dense, boiling state before cooling into ordinary particles. Researchers expected this transition to change how disordered the ...

The motions of plasmas may be notoriously difficult to model, but they can be better understood by analysing what happens when protons are scattered by atoms of hydrogen. In itself, this property is ...

Quantum dynamics in open systems examines how quantum states evolve when interacting with their environment. Unlike isolated systems, real devices and natural processes invariably exchange energy and ...